Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer

Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822–September 28, 1895) was a French biologist and chemist whose breakthrough discoveries into the causes and prevention of disease ushered in the modern era of medicine. Fast Facts: Louis Pasteur Known For: Discovered pasteurization, studies of anthrax, rabies, improved medical techniquesBorn: December 27, 1822 in Dole, FranceParents: Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette RoquiDied: September 28, 1895 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon (BA, 1842; BSc 1842), Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure (MSc, 1845; Ph.D. 1847)Spouse: Marie Laurent (1826–1910, m. May 29, 1849)Children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934),  Camille (1863–1865) Early Life Louis Pasteur was born December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, into a Catholic family. He was the third child and only son of  poorly educated tanner Jean-Joseph Pasteur and his wife Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. He attended primary school when he was 9 years old, and at that time he didnt show any particular interest in the sciences. He was, however, quite a good artist. In 1839, he was accepted to the  Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon, from which he graduated with both a BA and a BSc in 1842 with honors in physics, mathematics, Latin, and drawing, gaining. He later attended the prestigious Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure  to study physics and chemistry, specializing in crystals, and obtaining the French equivalents of an MSc (1845) and a Ph.D. (1847). He served briefly as a professor of physics at the Lycee in Dijon, and later became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. Marriage and Family It was at the University of Strasbourg that Pasteur met Marie Laurent, the daughter of the universitys rector; she would become Louis secretary and writing assistant. The couple married on  May 29, 1849,  and had  five children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934), and Camille (1863–1865). Only two of his children survived to  adulthood: the other three  died of typhoid fever, perhaps leading to Pasteurs drive to save people from disease.   Accomplishments Over the course of his career, Pasteur conducted research that ushered in the modern era of medicine and science. Thanks to his discoveries, people could now live  longer and healthier lives. His early work  with the wine growers of France, in which he developed a way to pasteurize and kill germs as part of the fermentation process, meant that all kinds of liquids could now be safely brought to market- wine, milk, and even beer. He was even granted U.S. patent 135,245 for Improvement in Brewing Beer and Ale Pasteurization.   Additional accomplishments included his discovery of a cure for a certain disease that affected silkworms, which was a tremendous boon to the textile industry. He also found cures for chicken cholera, anthrax in sheep, and rabies in humans. The Pasteur Institute In 1857, Pasteur moved to Paris, where he took up a series of professorships. Personally, Pasteur lost three of his own children to typhoid during this period, and in 1868, he suffered a debilitating stroke, which left him partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He opened the Pasteur Institute in 1888, with the stated purpose of the treatment of rabies and the study of virulent and contagious diseases. The Institute pioneered studies in microbiology, and held  the  first-ever class in the new discipline in 1889. Starting in 1891, Pasteur began to open other Institutes throughout Europe to advance his ideas. Today, there are  32 Pasteur institutes or hospitals in 29 countries throughout the world. The Germ Theory of Disease During Louis Pasteurs lifetime it was not easy for him to convince others of his ideas, which were controversial in their time but are considered absolutely correct today. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and that they were the cause of disease, not bad air, the prevailing theory up to that point. Furthermore, he insisted that germs could be spread via human contact and even medical instruments, and that killing germs through pasteurization and sterilization was imperative to preventing the spread of disease. In addition, Pasteur advanced the study of virology. His  work with rabies led him to realize that weak forms of disease  could be used as an immunization against stronger forms.   Famous Quotes Did you ever observe to whom the accidents happen? Chance favors only the prepared mind. Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Controversy   A few historians disagree with the accepted wisdom regarding Pasteurs discoveries. At the centennial of the biologists death in 1995, a historian specializing in science, Gerald L. Geison  (1943–2001), published a book analyzing Pasteurs private notebooks, which had only been made public about a decade earlier. In The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Geison asserted that Pasteur had given misleading accounts about many of his important discoveries. Still, other critics labeled him a fraud. Death Louis Pasteur continued to work at the Pasteur Institute until June 1895, when he retired because of his increasing illness. He died on September 28, 1895, after suffering multiple strokes. Legacy Pasteur was complicated: inconsistencies and misrepresentations identified by Geison in Pasteurs notebooks show that he was not just an experimenter, but a powerful combatant, orator, and writer, who did distort facts to sway opinions and promote himself and his causes. Nevertheless, his accomplishments were tremendous- in particular his anthrax and rabies studies, the importance of handwashing and sterilization in surgery, and most importantly, ushering in the era of the vaccine. These accomplishments continue to inspire and cure millions of people. Sources Berche, P. Louis Pasteur, from Crystals of Life to Vaccination. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18 (2012): 1–6.Debrà ©, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. Trans. Forster, Elborg. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Geison, Gerald L. The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.  Lanska, D. J. Pasteur, Louis. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition). Eds. Aminoff, Michael J. and Robert B. Daroff. Oxford: Academic Press, 2014. 841–45.Ligon, B. Lee. Biography: Louis Pasteur: A Controversial Figure in a Debate on Scientific Ethics. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13.2 (2002): 134–41.Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo. The Science of Louis Pasteur: A Reconsideration. The Quarterly Review of Biology 76.1 (2001): 37–45.Tulchinsky, Theodore H. Chapter 6: Pasteur on Microbes and Infectious Diseases. Case Studies in Public Health. Ed. Tulchinsky, Theodore H.: Academic Press, 2018. 10 1–16.

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture When thinking of culture, my mind tends to wander toward far off places only seen on television or on the internet. Culture represents an exotic and sometimes untouchable part of the world that each individual claims depending on their background, ethnicity, race, or family history. When applying culture to the workplace, however, the idea of culture applies, not only to individual persons, but to the way in which we react to one another, perceive one another, and communicate with one another. The culture of an organization is embedded in and expressed by patterns nd habits of communication. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) This paper will explain what it means to have culture within organizations as well as the presence of climate and socialization. Organizations adopt habits that work well with its requirements as an organization as well as those who have built the culture of the organization. For example, if the long-standing CEO has created a casual and relaxed atmosphere, others within the organization will adopt the same habits in order to fit the model the CEO is building. We deal with the meanings of things within our ultural system. Staying within a culture creates a certain amount of stability and predictability. Culture in the workplace can be explained easily by the differences in our co-workers and how to adapt to these differences. Differences may originate in family background religion, age, education, occupation, wealth, status, lifestyle, interests, etc. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) I will focus on the culture of age for a moment. Recently, I started a new position with a new organization. This position offered everything I was looking for; better pay, excellent benefits, proper se of my skills, and opportunity for advancement. Shortly after orientation, I began meeting those I would be working with. I noticed very quickly that all of my co- workers are from an older generation and I am the minority. In some cases it is fun to have conversations with them regarding our age differences and for them to Jokingly say, What year were you born? I graduated high school that year, my word you are young! , but this can also mean they do not take me as seriously as a protessional. But one time they become a physician. infirmary nurse. surgical technician. etc. they take on a new life and thereby absorb a new civilization into their lives. Subcultures. as defined by organisational theoreticians John new wave Maanen and Stephen Barley. are a subset of an organization’s members who interact on a regular basis with one another. place themselves as a distinguishable group†¦and routinely take action on the footing of corporate apprehensions unique to the group ( Cheney. 2011. 78-79 ) The organisational civilization in a infirmary is based on the premiss that the infirmary is at that place to supply a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Organizational theoretician Mary Jo Hatch puts Forth that there are five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation ( Cheney. 77 ) identified as follows: Unitary. Diverse ( Integrated ) . Diverse ( Differentiated ) . Diverse ( Fragmented ) and Disorganized ( Multi-cephalous ) ( Hatch. 1997. 210 ) . A infirmary in its purest signifier would be good represented as a Unitary civilization because the staff as a whole all have the same values or beliefs. But single staff or even medical units may fall into any of the other civilizations identified every bit good. A peculiar unit. i. e. cardiac telemetry floor. may be a Diverse ( Fragmented ) unit due to a group of nurses who do non see their critical undertaking demands in the same manner and as a consequence the degree of patient infections or deceases rises. doing unrest among the staff. supervisors. patient households and ensuing in legal branchings thereby break uping the staff’s solidarity. Social psychologist Edgar Schein formulated a theoretical theoretical account that shows an organization’s civilization is built on three degrees: artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. Artifacts are normally the most common and seeable mark of a specific civilization. Schein puts Forth that things such as nursing uniforms. nomenclature. surgical protocols and more. really and accurately stand for the basic facets of organization’s civilization. The values and norms facet of his theory. while non ever seeable. can be seen through behaviour of the person or group ; it reveals what is of import to the group and how they treat each other within their organisation. Each facet of the profession may hold an operating process or environment nique to that country of specialisation. but still have the same values and norms for their actions. In a surgical room. sterilisation of the environment is much more of import than it would be in a patient’s room on a medical/surgical floor. but they still have the same belief in maintaining an unfastened lesion every bit clean as possible. While values in the medical profession make non change as a whole. values do specify accepted behaviour and action. Genuine premises and beliefs are nurtured by a individuals or organisations values and norms. Valuess vary merely somewhat in the assorted medical professions and installations. Depending on the medical forte country. operational norms and methods may differ harmonizing to developing precedences. equipment and environment unique to that forte. For case. the hospital in-patient lesion attention squad may hold the same desire to handle a patient’s lesions as a place wellness nursing squad. but the methods of intervention or medicines used may be different. Differences begin to come up when a patient is sent place on a negative force per unit area lesion therapy system. i. e. a lesion V. A. C.  ® . that aids in the healing of lesions via suction ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kci1. com/KCI1/vactherapy ) . Many place wellness nurses does non cognize how to properly alter the intricate dressing or to the full understand this equipment or the detrimental consequences that can happen if non changed decently. Faulty premises are hence made based on the beliefs of the place wellness nurse of what should be done for the patient. When that happens. jobs arise in this peculiar scenario that could ensue in the patient being brought back to the infirmary for a farther period of hospitalization due to a dislocation of their lesions or even the creative activity of new lesions as a consequence of improper V. A. C.  ® arrangement. The paramount civilization of the medical field is based on the Physician’s Creed of First. make no harm ( writer uncertain but it is based on the Hippocratic Oath which states to abstain from making harm ) . This belief echoes throughout the medical field all over the universe. And while there are single exclusions or exclusions in countries such as carnal research for the improvement of world or the ethical issue of abortion. the credo has gone unchanged since the clip of the ancient Greeks and before. Schein’s three ( 3 ) degrees of artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. are apparent in every clinical scene. With farther geographic expedition. Hatch’s five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation will besides be found. albeit non everyone will be seen on every infirmary floor or unit. Medical installations are a kaleidoscope or a microcosm of many subcultures under the roof of the chief civilization of being a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Without that organisational civilization giving counsel to all of the subcultures involved in this human-centered calling field. the decease rate for minor hurts and diseases would intensify exponentially.